Death by Medicine: References

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1. Lazarou J, Pomeranz B, Corey P. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients. JAMA. 1998;279:1200-1205.

2. Rabin R. Caution About Overuse of Antibiotics. Newsday. Sept. 18, 2003.

2a. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/

3. Calculations detailed in Unnecessary Surgery section, from two sources: (13) http://hcup.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.asp  and (71) US Congressional House Subcommittee Oversight Investigation. Cost and Quality of Health Care: Unnecessary Surgery. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976

4. Calculations from four sources, see Unnecessary Hospitalization section: (13) http://hcup.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.asp  and (93) Siu AL, Sonnenberg FA, Manning WG, Goldberg GA, Bloomfield ES, Newhouse JP, Brook RH. Inappropriate use of hospitals in a randomized trial of health insurance plans. NEJM. 1986 Nov 13;315(20):1259-66. and (94) Siu AL, Manning WG, Benjamin B. Patient, provider and hospital characteristics associated with inappropriate hospitalization. Am J Public Health. 1990 Oct;80(10):1253-6. and (95) Eriksen BO, Kristiansen IS, Nord E, Pape JF, Almdahl SM, Hensrud A, Jaeger S. The cost of inappropriate admissions: a study of health benefits and resource utilization in a department of internal medicine. J Intern Med. 1999 Oct;246(4):379-87.

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6. Thomas et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 1999. Institute of Medicine.

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10. Forth Decennial International Conference on Nosocomial and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), February 25, 2000, Vol. 49, No. 7, p. 138.

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33. Dickinson JG. Dickinson's FDA Review. March 2000; 7 (3):13-14.

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37. Bond CA, Raehl CL, Franke T. Clinical pharmacy services, hospital pharmacy staffing, and medication errors in United States hospitals. Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Feb;22(2):134-47.

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39. LaPointe NM, Jollis JG. Medication errors in hospitalized cardiovascular patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163(12):1461-6.

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42. Medication side effects strike 1-in-4 April 17, 2003, Reuters

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45. Wolfe SM. Direct-to-consumer advertising--education or emotion promotion? N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):524-6.

46. Ibid.

47. GAO/PEMD 90-15 FDA DRUG Review: Postapproval Risks 1976-1985, page 3.

48. MSNBC July 11, 2003

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50. Egger WA. Antibiotic Resistance: Unnatural Selection in the Office and on the Farm. Wisconson Medical Journal. Aug. 2002.

51. Nash DR, Harman J, Wald ER, Kelleher KJ. Antibiotic prescribing by primary care physicians for children with upper respiratory tract infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Nov;156(11):1114-9.

52. Schindler C, Krappweis J, Morgenstern I, Kirch W. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003 Mar;12(2):113-20.

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55. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/

56. http://www.health.state.ok.us/program/cdd/ar/

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59. Pawlowski S, Ternes T, Bonerz M, Kluczka T, van der Burg B, Nau H, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T. Combined in situ and in vitro assessment of the estrogenic activity of sewage and surface water samples. Toxicol Sci. 2003 Sep;75(1):57-65. Epub 2003 Jun 12.

60. Ternes TA, Stuber J, Herrmann N, McDowell D, Ried A, Kampmann M, Teiser B. Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Res. 2003 Apr;37(8):1976-82.

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62. Ternes T, Bonerz M, Schmidt T. Determination of neutral pharmaceuticals in wastewater and rivers by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2001 Dec 14;938(1-2):175-85.

63. Golet EM, Alder AC, Hartmann A, Ternes TA, Giger W. Trace determination of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in urban wastewater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chem. 2001 Aug 1;73(15):3632-8.

64. Daughton CG, Ternes TA. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change? Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Dec;107 Suppl 6:907-38. Review.

65. Hirsch R, Ternes T, Haberer K, Kratz KL. Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ. 1999 Jan 12;225(1-2):109-18.

66. Ternes TA, Stumpf M, Mueller J, Haberer K, Wilken RD, Servos M. Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants - I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 1999 Jan 12;225(1-2):81-90.

67. Hirsch R, Ternes TA, Haberer K, Mehlich A, Ballwanz F, Kratz KL. Determination of antibiotics in different water compartments via liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1998 Jul 31;815(2):213-23.

68. Coste J, Hanotin C, Leutenegger E. Prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and risk of iatrogenic adverse effects: a survey of 1072 French general practitioners. Therapie. 1995 May-Jun;50(3):265-70.

69. Kouyanou K, Pither CE, Wessely S. Iatrogenic factors and chronic pain. Psychosom Med. 1997 Nov-Dec;59(6):597-604.

70. Abel U. Chemotherapy of advanced epithelial cancer--a critical review. Biomed Pharmacother. 1992;46(10):439-52.

71. Schulman KA, Stadtmauer EA, Reed SD, Glick HA, Goldstein LJ, Pines JM, Jackman JA, Suzuki S, Styler MJ, Crilley PA, Klumpp TR, Mangan KF, Glick JH. Economic analysis of conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003 Feb;31(3):205-10.

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79. Rutkow IM. Surgical operations in the United States. Then (1983) and now (1994). Arch Surg. 1997 Sep;132(9):983-90.

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94. Siu AL, Manning WG, Benjamin B. Patient, provider and hospital characteristics associated with inappropriate hospitalization. Am J Public Health. 1990 Oct;80(10):1253-6.

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111. General Accounting Office (GAO), July 17, 2003 http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Article=3005

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114. Institute of Medicine, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2003a.

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120. Report to Congress: Appropriateness of Minimum Nurse Staffing Ratios In Nursing Homes Phase II Final Report. December 24, 2001.

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137. Prescription Drug Trends, Nov 2001; Kaiser Family Foundation.

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139. AARP Medicare Prescription Drug Campaign

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141. Attorney General of North Carolina (and 34 other states) Reaches Settlement With Drug Giant. WRAL News, March 7, 2003.

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145. Panel Names Estrogen as Carcinogen. Washington Post. December 16, 2000; Page A05.

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148. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3243-53.

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150. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2651-62.

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152. Berens, D. Unhealthy Hospitals: Infection epidemic carves deadly path Poor hygiene, overwhelmed workers contribute to thousands of deaths. The Chicago Tribune. July 21, 2002

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