ADR-4 Kidney Research - Results of Renocystography

Research results on the influence of ADR?4? Energy Stimulator on kidney?s functions deteriorated in moderate to grave degree

(min)↓ improvement

Figure 1

Modification of renal mean transit time in groups of persons using active ADR-4? Energy Stimulator and inactive dummy (placebo). The minus sign on Y axis indicates a reduction of the renal mean transit time and improvement of kidney function.

The research findings confirmed the positive influence of ADR-4? Energy Stimulator on several kidney functions: diuresis, filtration, excretion, mean DTPA m99Tc and HIPPURATE I125 transport time.

The research testing in groups of subjects using active ADR?4? Energy Stimulator and inactive dummy (placebo) shown above was conducted at the Radiophysical Laboratory, Department of General Radiology of the University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, Poland.

Glossary of the Figure 1 diagram:
DTPA m99Tc & HIPPURATE I125 - radioactive tracers used in radioisotope filtration ? extraction renocystography.

gorsza nerka (Polish term) - gravely deteriorated kidney.
lepsza nerka (Polish term) - moderately deteriorated kidney.

ADR-4: Research Results

The Renocystographic Assessment of the Effects of the
ADR-4 Energy Stimulator on Kidney Functioning
in Persons with Dysfunctional Kidneys

Szczęsny G?rski[1], Stanisław Wosiński[2], Wojciech Suwała[3], Bogumir Grala[4]

Summary

The aim of the research was to investigate possible changes in the functioning of impaired kidneys under the application of the magnetic water energy stimulator ADR-4. Quantitative (32 parameters) filtration-extraction renographic evaluation of kidney functioning using DTPA Tc 99m and I125 hippurate was performed, according to our own standard methodology, on persons referred by hospital departments and clinics, recruited according to current submission order. The evaluation was done on a double blind principle in two groups with moderate and considerable kidney function impairment, as assessed by initial renography: 17 women and 4 men aged 18-84 years, using an active ADR-4 for one month; and 8 women and 4 men aged 26-60 years, using an inactive dummy of the same size, colour and weight, for the same period, in compliance with the producer�s instructions. The renography examination was then repeated. The subsequent statistical analysis (Student�s t-test) compared the results obtained in the two groups during the initial and final tests, separately for kidneys which the initial test found to be functioning better or worse. In the case of renographic parameters for which positive differences were noted in the ADR-4 group and negative differences in the placebo group, the Wilks lambda test was then additionally applied.

The results of the statistical evaluation confirmed the beneficial effects of using the ADR-4 energy stimulator on several kidney functions: diuresis, filtration, extraction and excretion; the mean DTPA transport time was also reduced. This positive evaluation is enhanced by the observation that in the group using the placebo the results were unchanged or poorer on the second term of measurement, after one month. In conclusion, evidence was gained of the positive effects of using the ADR-4, over a one-month period, on kidneys with moderately and significantly impaired functioning.

Introduction

The use of filtration-extraction renocystography in the assessment of kidney functioning has been an indisputable application of this method for many years. Our own computerised, quantitative filtration-extraction renography, elaborated over many years of practical use, allows one to carry out an initial, yet relatively precise and comprehensive, quantitative and qualitative, evaluation of the functioning of kidneys and of the lower urinary tracts. Among other things, the measurement system provides indices of glomerular and tubular clearance, filtration fraction for both kidneys separately or together, mean time of renal filtration and extraction transit, excretion indices at 10, 15 and 30 minutes, respective norms, the residual volume of urine in the bladder in percentages and in cubic centimetres and a mean diuresis, calculated in strictly standardised water load, evaluated with account taken of current blood pressure � altogether 32 quantitative parameters (G?rski 1994). The sensitivity of the renographic procedure which we apply is approx. 98% (Goris 1985).

It is useful as an initial method, particularly in the examination of patients with arterial hypertension, with the use of the captopril test for the detection of renal arterial stenosis, in cases of glomerulitis and/or pyelitis, in renal and cystic tract calculi, in assessing the degree of evacuation from the bladder, and in cases of pains of obscure etiology in the lumbar region.

The aim of the present research was to test for possible changes in the functioning of kidneys, evaluated using this method, during treatment with the magnetic energy stimulator invented by one of the authors (S. Wosiński).

The ADR-4 is an energy stimulator registered with the Polish Patents Office under the number P320179[5]. This stimulator takes the form of a polygonal disc. At the base of the disc is a ceramic element, on top of which are placed magnetic elements of various intensity and specific dimensions, which provide the requisite spatial configuration of a stable, heterogeneous magnetic field. The task of the ADR-4 is to improve the sanitary properties of both pure water and water contained in various aliments. We know that water can, for a certain time, possess altered properties, e.g. surface tension, relative permittivity, electric conductivity, and NMR, NQR, UV and IR spectra, under the influence of certain activity, such as electromagnetic fields. These altered properties in water have a certain effect on living organisms, from bacteria to man. Research is currently in progress into the effects of the ADR-4 on the speed in which free radicals are scavenged from aqueous solutions[6].

Materials and Research Methods

The ADR-4 stimulators were obtained from the producer[7].

The renographic tests were carried out using the computerised renocystograph RENOMIC II[8], constructed by a team led by one of the authors (S.G.). The research was made on two randomly-chosen groups of patients, referred by hospital departments and clinics, in which initial tests showed moderately or seriously impaired functioning of one or both kidneys, as assessed according to our own renographic classification. After eliminating subjects who did not present themselves for the second series of tests and those whose results were invalid for technical reasons, there remained 33 individuals. Of these, 21 (17 women and 4 men, aged from 18 to 84, av. 43, S.D. 15.4 years) subsequently used an active ADR-4 over a period of one month, in accordance with the producer�s instructions, and the remaining 12 subjects (8 women and 4 men, aged from 26 to 60, av. 48, S.D. 10 years) used an inactive dummy weighing and looking the same as the active ADR-4. Neither the patients nor the personnel carrying out the research, including the person describing the tests, knew which kind of disc had been used until the second series of tests had been completed and described. The technical factors which excluded certain results were the following: the failure to provide urine for the second test, a mean blood pressure below 95 mm, a difference of 5? C or more in the ambient temperature between the two test terms, the discontinuing or commencement during the testing period of new nephroleptic medicines or of strong general medicines, e.g. antibiotics, and the appearance of acute additional pathologies, e.g. renal colic with blockage of the kidney.

Methodology of the Statistical Analysis

Applied for all the noted indices of the work of the kidneys was a statistical evaluation based on the Student�s t-test for the paired variables method. This involves, for each index, subtracting from the value noted for test II the result of test I (carried out before the disc was applied). Next, the value of the mean difference and the evaluation of its standard error were indicated for each index in both groups. The quotient of the mean difference obtained through the evaluation of its standard error has the Student�s t-distribution with the number of independent variables equal to n � 1, where n is the number of individuals observed in a group. The results are presented in table 1.

A separate explanation is required for the method of inference applied. For the majority of indices (with the exception of T max and of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the values of which, both high and low, are negative), one can take as favourable a rise in their value. If, therefore, the ADR-4 stimulators fail to act in a positive manner on the functioning of the kidneys, the mean difference between measurements II and I should be negative (deterioration) or close to zero (no change).

The (unilateral) null hypothesis should thus read as follows:

Ho: the mean difference of a given index is less than or equal to zero.

The alternative hypothesis, meanwhile,

H1: the mean difference of a given index is greater than zero.

If, therefore, the value of the unilateral Student�s test will exceed the critical value by an appropriate amount, we will reject the null hypothesis of the lack of any effect on the part of the ADR-4 on the given index of the work of the kidneys.

For indices whose improvement occurs with a fall in their value, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the result of the unilateral test is negative and, simultaneously, greater, in terms of absolute value, than the critical value.

It should be emphasised that the most commonly published tables of critical values of a Student�s test serve to verify bilateral hypotheses; hence, in reading from them critical values for the verification of unilateral hypotheses, one must allow for a significance level twice as great as that which we apply. The critical values necessary for the evaluation of the test are given below the tables of results.

When making inference, a maximum significance level of 0.10 has been adopted. If the value of the Student test exceeds the critical value read with this significance level, then we reject the null hypothesis of a lack of any effect on the part of the ADR-4 on the particular renal index, in which case the rejection risk of the null hypothesis does not exceed 10% (i.e. 0.1). For a considerable number of indices, the rejection of the null hypothesis of the lack of effect of the ADR-4 was possible at an even lower significance level; this has been expressed in the table.

In order to effect a simultaneous evaluation of the positive rise in the value of some of the indices in the ADR group against a fall in their value in the placebo group, the Wilks lambda test was additionally applied. The results have been included in table 2, following the transformation of the statistics of the Wilks lambda test into F. Fisher statistics.

Results and Discussion

The results are presented in tables 1-3 and on the graphs.

For indices such as volume of urine excreted, total excretion and diuresis, substantially favourable changes were noted in the ADR group and substantially unfavourable changes in the placebo group. Moreover, in the case of the placebo there occurred a substantial reduction in residual volume, and a substantial change in the participation of both worse and better kidneys in filtration (the participation of the worse kidney rose substantially � to 50 %).

There was also a substantial improvement in the due excretion of DTPA in the ADR group for the better kidney, constituting a measure of the due capture (N) of the tracer; in the placebo group, meanwhile, there was a substantial decrease in the excretion of DTPA for the better kidney (both due � N � and actual � R � excretion). There was also an improvement in some of the indices of the excretion of hippurate in the ADR group.

All the indices of the outflow of both DTPA and hippurate, for the worse and the better kidneys in the ADR group, showed a substantial improvement after 10 and 15 minutes.

Meanwhile, the time T max, representing the measure of the mean transit time of the tracer through the kidney, lessened substantially in the case of DTPA in the ADR group (which is favourable), and grew in the placebo group (which is unfavourable). One may thus advance the general conclusion that the results in the two groups logically complement one another (in the placebo group the substance of the null and alternative hypotheses should be exchanged with one another, since where the ADR fails to act and an illness is present the indices may worsen or at best remain unchanged).

In order to avoid any suspicions that, although the subjects were assigned to the two groups in a random manner, significant differences could have appeared between the groups, a Student�s test was carried out to compare the mean values of the indices for both groups. Substantial differences (in the case of bilateral hypotheses) were noted for the following indices (table 2):

• residual volume in term 1 (ADR > placebo),
• contribution of the worse kidney to extraction in term I (ADR < placebo),
• contribution of the better kidney to extraction in term I (ADR > placebo),
• contribution of the worse kidney to filtration in term II (ADR < placebo),
• contribution of the better kidney to filtration in term II (ADR > placebo),
• contribution of the worse kidney to extraction in term II (ADR < placebo),
• contribution of the better kidney to extraction in term II (ADR > placebo),
• excretion of DTPA by the better kidney in term II (ADR > placebo), both due (N) and actual (R),
• excretion of HIP by the better kidney in term II (ADR > placebo), both N and R.

However, the substantial differences revealed signify that the state of the subjects from the ADR group was � in terms of these indices � significantly worse than in the placebo group. In spite of this, an improvement occurred in a range of indices in the ADR group, and in the placebo group � a deterioration.

Also tested was the asymmetry in the functioning of the kidneys (tab. 3). For the indices measured for both kidneys, the differences between the better and the worse kidney were indicated and subjected to statistical analysis using a Student�s test for the paired variables method. Striking here is the lack of a substantial difference for the excretion index of DTPA and for the index T max for DTPA and � in part � hippurate. For the remaining indices, significant differences were noted (higher values for the better kidney, except in the case of the index of filtration, where the reverse was shown).

The observed changes in blood pressure can be deemed incidental: after age is accounted for, the differences fall within the norms. The R/R age norms are taken from the Ciba-Geigy tables (Diem 1972).

The results of the evaluation of the positive rise in the value of some of the indices in the ADR group against a fall in their value in the placebo group, effected using the Wilks lambda test (Grala, 1975), have been included in table 2, following the transformation of the statistics of the Wilks lambda test into F. Fisher statistics. On the graph, they correspond to the positive columns for the ADR group and the negative columns for the placebo group.

Substantial differences were noted for the following indices:

• total volume,
• diuresis,
• residual volume,
• DTPA excretion for the better kidney (N and R),
• DTPA outflow for the worse kidney (R only),
• T max for DTPA for the better kidney.

Conclusions

1. The results obtained confirm the positive effects of the application of the ADR-4 on the functioning of kidneys impaired to a moderate or considerable degree.

2. The above conclusion is enhanced by the fact that in the group of individuals using the inactive dummy the indices either remained unchanged or underwent a significant deterioration, as well as by the fact that the initial results in the ADR group indicated a significantly worse functioning of the kidneys than in the placebo group.

One should point out that increasing the number of subjects observed in the two groups could provide more clear-cut results. A longer period of application of the ADR-4 could probably also bring more pronounced results. In order to verify this assumption, research is currently under way into the same persons � after a year of using the ADR-4.

Literature

Diem K, Lentner C.: Tables scientifiques, VII edition, Ciba-Geigy, Basel, 1972, p. 564

Goris M.L.: Sensitivity and specifity of common scintigraphic procedures. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1985, 48

G?rski Sz.: Computerized renocystography for quantitative filtration � extraction. Nucl. Med. Comm. 1994, 15:182-187

Grala B. ?wietlicka � Grala J., Wojtaszek J.: Analiza krzywych reakcji ilo?ciowych w badaniach hemodynamicznych. Listy Biometryczne. 1975, 46, I - 22

[1] Radiophysical Laboratory of the Institute of Radiology of the Faculty of Medicine in Poznań

[2] ADR SYSTEM Gdańsk

[3] Kidney Disease Clinic of the Group of Specialist Clinics in Poznań

[4] Centre for Information on Scientific, Technical and Economic Matters and Patents of the Institute of Natural Fibres in Poznań

[5] The ADR-4 stimulator was awarded the Gold Medal with special distinction at the 47^th World Exhibition of Innovation, Inventions and New Technologies BRUSSELS EUREKA 1998, the Grand Prix at the International Exhibition of Inventors INPEX 2001 in Pittsburgh PE, USA, and the Gold Medal at the WORLD GENIUS CONVENTION 2001 in Tokyo

[6]Scavenging of free radicals from DTPH by antioxidants such as eg, Roibos and Green tea water drinking infusions. EPR Laboratory of the Institute of Physics of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (work in progress)

[7] ADR System, ul. Szymanowskiego 6, Gdańsk

[8] RENOMIC II was awarded the Gold Medal at the BRUSSELS EUREKA 2000 exhibition

THERMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ADR-4 ENERGY STIMULATOR ON BLOOD SUPPLY IN THE HANDS OF PERSONS WITH GENERALISED BLOOD SUPPLY DISORDERS[1]

[1] This work was presented at the 13th Scientific Conference of Military Health Service Pediatrists, held in September 1999 in Zakopane and published in Lekarz Woskowy (Army Medical Journal), Supplement II 1999, pp. 146 � 153.

Szczęsny G?rski, Stanisław Wosiński, Renata Hause (from the Radiophysiology Laboratory of the Department of General Radiology of the Faculty of Medicine in Poznań; Head of Laboratory: S. G?rski D.Sc.)

Summary

A thermographic evaluation of blood supply at rest conditions and of thermoregulatory vasomotor activity was performed on 17 women and 1 man with moderate and serious symmetrical Raynaud�s syndrome in hands and fingers and with moderate and serious symmetrical blood supply disorders at rest conditions in feet and toes, as well as with anamnesis suggesting Raynaud-type vasomotor neurosis. The tests were performed according to our own standard methods. Following initial tests, 7 women and the 1 man applied the ADR-4 energy stimulator, in accordance with the producer�s instructions. 8 women applied an inactive dummy ADR-4. Both groups were chosen at random and the patients did not know whether they were using the active or the inactive form of the appliance. Thermographic evaluation was subsequently repeated in both groups at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days from the commencement of the application of the ADR-4 and the placebo. The following parameters were recorded: maximum and minimum temperatures of fingers and hands on both the palm side and on the back of the hand; the amplitude of the difference between the extreme temperatures in the fingers and mean rate at which the minimum temperature was regained in the fingers of both hands within a period of 10 minutes after standard cooling (expressed as a percentage of the initial temperature). The results showed rises in the values of the thermographic indices being assessed in patients applying the active ADR-4, particularly marked after 14 and 21 days of use. The most clear-cut differences occurred in the minimum temperatures of the fingers and in the chill test. Such effects were not recorded in patients applying the inactive dummy. The results incline one to esteem that the ADR-4 stimulator has a beneficial effect on peripheral blood supply in persons with blood supply disorders.

Key words: thermography, blood supply, women, hands and fingers, magnetic fields, Raynaud�s syndrome, chill test

The use of thermography in the quantitative evaluation of peripheral blood supply has been an indisputable application of this technique for many years. Our own methods for applying thermography, elaborated over many years of practical use, enable this evaluation to be carried out in a standardised, quantified manner, in rest and thermoregulatory vasomotor conditions[i][ii]

Among its applications has been the evaluation of peripheral blood supply in vibration syndrome[iii], the evaluation of blood supply in free skin grafts[iv], in neurological disorders [v] [vi] [vii], in the evaluation of how blood supply in children from sports classes � swimming and athletics � adapted to intensive physical activity[viii].

The present research evaluated changes in blood supply in the hands and fingers under the application of a magnetic energy stimulator invented by one of the authors. The ADR-4 is an energy stimulator registered with the Polish Patents Office under the number P320179. This stimulator consists of a magnetic ceramic disc placed in a special casing. At the base of the disc is a ceramic element, on top of which are placed magnetic elements of various field intensity and specific dimensions, which provide the requisite spatial configuration of a stable, heterogeneous magnetic field. The task of the ADR-4 is to improve the sanitary properties of both pure water and water contained in various aliments. The action of the ADR-4 leads to modifications in the cluster structure of water. We know that in normal conditions water is not an amorphous substance. It forms pseudocrystalline structures, the configuration of which is dependent upon the history of the conditions in which it was located, and it is able to maintain altered properties over a certain time, e.g. surface tension, relative permittivity, electric conductivity, and NMR, NQR, UV and IR spectra (relevant research work is in progress in the Wydział Fizyki UAM w Poznaniu [1]). These altered properties in water have a clear influence on living organisms, from bacteria to man. Among the effects produced by the ADR-4 are a change in the fermentation rate of yoghurt (work in progress in the Instytut Rozwoju Mleczarstwa Akademii Rolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie [2]), and a change in the aluminium and lead content in hair (work carried out by Trace Elements Inc. in Dallas, USA).

The ADR-4 stimulator was awarded the Gold Medal with special distinction at the 47^th World Exhibition of Innovation, Invention and New Technology BRUSSELS EUREKA �98.

Materials and Methods

The tests were carried out on 16 persons, aged 20-62 years. They were performed with the help of the AGA 680 Medical thermograph interfaced with a PC, using a program created by Jan Błaszczyński, from the firm JBL of Cracow. Our own methods were applied ?. The temperature was thermostatically set at a range of 19-21? C. The series of tests covered initial measurements, then repeated measurements at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days from the commencement of the standard application of the ADR-4 stimulator, in accordance with the producer�s instructions.

The subjects were each given, at random, either an active ADR-4 or an inactive dummy, with the same comments concerning the aim of the research, i.e. that it sought to establish whether the application of the device produces any effects. In order to avoid any autosuggestion, the subjects were not informed of the existence of two forms of the appliance � an active and an inactive form.

The tests produced values for the following thermographic parameters: the minimum and maximum temperatures in fingers 2-5, in the whole hand (palm and back), in rest conditions and at 10 minutes after 5 minutes of standard cooling in water at a temperature of 15? C. Prior to their immersion in the cooling bath, the hands were immersed for 5 minutes in water at a temperature of 37? C. The temperature of the water was regulated with a tolerance of 0.1? C. The hands were immersed immediately. After bathing the hands were dried delicately and thoroughly with a paper towel.

Discussion

The results showed no substantial difference in the initial values of the evaluated parameters between the group using the active ADR-4 and the group using the inactive placebo.

The temperatures of the fingers prior to cooling showed a rising tendency both in persons using an active ADR-4 and in persons using the placebo, from the first to the third day. The temperatures then decreased for both groups. From the seventh day onwards, the temperatures then rose in the ADR-4 group, but not in the placebo group. These temperatures express blood supply in rest conditions. After cooling, the temperatures behaved in a similar manner in the test group, whereas in the control group the initial rise was absent. These temperatures reflect the intensity of the thermoregulatory vasomotor reaction. This may indicate the existence of a two-phase thermoregulatory reaction under the stimulus of the ADR-4. The first phase can be linked to the placebo effect, since it also occurred in the persons using the dummy. Similar rises, albeit considerably less marked, were observed over the area of the whole hand.

Conclusions

The tests carried out allow the following inferences to be drawn.

1. The entire range of temperatures in the fingers and hands, as well as the rate at which the minimum temperature in the fingers was regained after cooling, in persons with moderate and serious, symmetrical, generalised blood supply disorders, with many years of anamnesis, showed a favourable change from the seventh day of the use of the ADR-4 stimulator.

2. Analogous changes were not observed in those persons with similar blood supply disorders who used the inactive dummy.

3. The rises in the thermographic indices were most marked in the fingers, and the least significant over the whole hand.

4. The rises in the indices were more substantial in the test after cooling than in the test without cooling.

5. The results incline one to acknowledge the presence of a beneficial effect from the use of the ADR-4 stimulator on peripheral blood supply.

[1] Department of Physics of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ii Institute for the Development of Dairy of the Faculty of Farming Technology in Olsztyn

References

[1] Sz.G?rski, W. Fibiger: Termograficzna pr?ba czynno?ciowa w diagnostyce zmian naczyniowych w zespole wibracyjnym [Thermographic Functional Test in the Diagnosis of Vascular Disorders in Vibration Syndrome]. Medycyna Pracy 1979, XXX, 3, pp.213-220.

[2] Sz.G?rski, J. Błaszczyński, B. Więcek: Zintegrowany system termograficzny i wizyjny do diagnostyki ukrwienia obwodowego i zmian zapalnych, ze wspomaganiem komputerowym [Integrated Thermographic and Visual System for the Computer Assisted Diagnosis of Peripheral Blood Supply Disorders and Inflammatory Processes]. KBN 8T11E 040 10.

[3] Sz.G?rski: Aspects thermographiques des micro et macro -traumatismes de la main. II Congres Europeen de la Thermographie, Barcelona, 11-15.09.1978. Abstract Book, Heralds de Aragon, Zaragoza, 1978, p.154.

[4] H.Paszkowska, Sz.G?rski: Ocena wgajania się autogennych wolnych przeszczep?w sk?ry pełnej grubosci na podstawie badań termograficznych i histochemicznych [Evaluation of the Healing of Autogenic Free Full Skin Grafts.

Thermographic and Histochemic

[5] J.Koczocik-Przedpelska, Sz.G?rski, E.Powierza: Relationship between sensory nerve conduction and temperature of the hand. Acta Physiol.Pol.,1983, Vol. 43, fasc.1, pp.21-28.

[6] J.Koczocik-Przedpelska, Sz.G?rski: Double Pattern of Relationship between Skin Temperature, Thermoregulation and Sensory Nerve Conduction. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1990, 30, pp. 435-442.

[7] J.Koczocik-Przedpelska, Sz.G?rski: Double Pattern of Relationship between Skin Temperature, Thermoregulation and Sensory Nerve Conduction. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1990, 30, pp. 435-442.

[8] Sz.G?rski, E.Rostkowska: Przydatno?ć termowizji do badań naukowych w sporcie [The Benefits of the Application of Thermovision in Sports Science Research]. Series: Monografie Nr 288, 1991 Wydawnictwo AWF w Poznaniu 1991, pp. 19-23.